{"product_id":"m13581","title":"Proguanil hydrochloride","description":"\u003cp style=\"padding-left:1em;\"\u003eProguanil hydrochloride, an antimalarial prodrug, is metabolized to the active metabolite Cycloguanil (HY-12784). Proguanil hydrochloride is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProduct information\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCAS Number:\u003c\/strong\u003e 637-32-1\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 290.19\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFormula:\u003c\/strong\u003e C11H17Cl2N5\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-indent:-1em;padding-left:1em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChemical Name:\u003c\/strong\u003e 1-[N'-(4-chlorophenyl)carbamimidamido]-N-(propan-2-yl)methanimidamide; chlorohydrogen\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-indent:-1em;padding-left:1em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmiles:\u003c\/strong\u003e Cl.CC(C)NC(=N)NC(=N)NC1C=CC(Cl)=CC=1\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-indent:-1em;padding-left:1em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInChiKey:\u003c\/strong\u003e SARMGXPVOFNNNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-indent:-1em;padding-left:1em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInChi:\u003c\/strong\u003e InChI=1S\/C11H16ClN5.ClH\/c1-7(2)15-10(13)17-11(14)16-9-5-3-8(12)4-6-9;\/h3-7H,1-2H3,(H5,13,14,15,16,17);1H\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTechnical Data\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAppearance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Solid Power\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurity:\u003c\/strong\u003e ≥98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-indent:-1em;padding-left:1em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSolubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Soluble in DMSO\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-indent:-1em;padding-left:1em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShipping Condition:\u003c\/strong\u003e Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical or refer to Certificate of Analysis\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-indent:-1em;padding-left:1em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage Condition:\u003c\/strong\u003e Dry, dark and -20 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c\/sup\u003eC for 1 year or refer to the Certificate of Analysis.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-indent:-1em;padding-left:1em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShelf Life:\u003c\/strong\u003e ≥12 months if stored properly.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-indent:-1em;padding-left:1em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStock Solution Storage:\u003c\/strong\u003e 0 - 4 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c\/sup\u003eC for 1 month or refer to the Certificate of Analysis.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-indent:-1em;padding-left:1em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrug Formulation:\u003c\/strong\u003e To be determined\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHS Tariff Code:\u003c\/strong\u003e 382200\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow to use\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn Vitro:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"padding-left:1em;\"\u003eProguanil per se has only weak antimalarial activity in vitro (IC50=2.4-19 μM), and its effectiveness depends on the active metabolite Cycloguanil (IC50=0.5-2.5 nM). The Cycloguanil is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor. The combination of Atovaquone and Proguanil is synergistic in vitro. Both drugs also have activity against gametocytes and pre-erythrocytic (hepatic) stages of malaria parasites. Proguanil acts as a biguanide rather than as its metabolite Cycloguanil (a parasite dihydrofolate reductase [DHFR] inhibitor) to enhance the Atovaquone effect. Proguanil-mediated enhancement is specific for Atovaquone, since the effects of other mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors, such as Myxothiazole and Antimycin, are not altered by inclusion of Proguanil. 5-HT3 receptor responses are reversibly inhibited by Proguanil, the metabolite 4-chlorophenyl-1-biguanide (CPB) and the active metabolite Cycloguanil (CG), with an IC50 of 1.81, 1.48 and 4.36 μM, respectively.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn Vivo:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"padding-left:1em;\"\u003eProguanil (p.o.; 2.9 mg\/kg body weight; daily for 5 days and 6 weeks respectively) shows mild degenerative changes for five days, while shows severe degenerative changes for six weeks in wistar strain albino rats. Serum testosterone level is significantly decreased for proguanil treatment rats. Administration of Malarone (Atovaquone and Proguanil) to experimentally B. gibsoni infected two dogs in chronic stage and three dogs in acute stage results in decrease in parasitemia, and clinical improvements are observed.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferences:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003col style=\"padding-left:1em;\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePudney M, et al. Atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride: a review of nonclinical studies. J Travel Med. 1999 May;6 Suppl 1:S8-12.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSrivastava IK, et al. A mechanism for the synergistic antimalarial action of atovaquone and proguanil. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Jun;43(6):1334-9.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLochner M, et al. The antimalarial drug proguanil is an antagonist at 5-HT3 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2014 Dec;351(3):674-84.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProducts are for research use only. Not for human use.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Xcess Biosciences","offers":[{"title":"M13581-2 \/ Contact sales@xcessbio.com for quotation","offer_id":39462310543499,"sku":"","price":100.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"M13581-10 \/ Contact sales@xcessbio.com for quotation","offer_id":39473498325131,"sku":"","price":100.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0389\/1897\/9723\/products\/M13581_1631075536.gif?v=1632300685","url":"https:\/\/www.xcessbio.com\/products\/m13581","provider":"Xcess Biosciences","version":"1.0","type":"link"}